http://alamsoual.mam9.com/t1070-topic
In 788, about a century after the Arab
conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to
rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly
under Ahmad AL-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and
inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite dynasty, to which the current
Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860,
Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half century of trade
rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily
erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A
protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956.
The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were
turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the
current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a
constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Morocco
annexed Western Sahara during the late 1970s, but final resolution on
the status of the territory remains unresolved. Gradual political
reforms in the 1990s resulted in the establishment of a bicameral
legislature, which first met in 1997. Under King MOHAMMED VI - who in
1999 succeeded his father to the throne - human rights have improved.
Morocco enjoys a moderately free press, but the government occasionally
takes action against journalists who report on three broad subjects
considered to be taboo: the monarchy, Islam, and the status of Western
Sahara. Despite the continuing reforms, ultimate authority remains in
the hands of the monarch. Influenced by protests elsewhere in the Middle
East and North Africa, thousands of Moroccans in February and March
2011 rallied in Rabat and several other major cities to demand
constitutional reform and more democracy and to protest government
corruption and high food prices. Police response to most of the protests
was subdued compared to the violence elsewhere in the region. In early
March, King MOHAMMED VI agreed to establish a commission to reform the
country's constitution; a popular referendum held in early July 2011
overwhelmingly approved the new constitution. In late July, the King
urged swift implementation of constitutional amendments, starting with
the holding of parliamentary elections in 2011 instead of in 2012.
Following August negotiations between election heads and nearly 20
political parties, the government settled on an election date of 25
November
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